FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

usos del futuro perfecto


Acciones que ya se están desarrollando o que se van a desarrollar en el futuro, pero que cuando llegue ese momento futuro que se menciona la acción ya habrá finalizado.

By tomorrow I will have finished my book.
Para mañana, habré terminado este libro.

Before winter, you will have sold your old car.
Antes del invierno, habrás vendido tu antiguo automóvil.

Before we arrive home, Mom will have prepared our breakfast.
Antes de que lleguemos a casa, mamá habrá preparado nuestro desayuno.

We will not have finished these reports by 7 pm!!
¡¡No habremos finalizado estos informes para las 7 de la tarde!!


expresiones usuales del futuro perfecto


by 10 pm - by Monday - by tomorrow - by 2010
by next week - by next month - by next year

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

usos del futuro perfecto continuo


Acontecimientos o acciones pertenecientes a un período de tiempo entre ahora y algún momento del futuro, que puede ser incompleto.

I will have been waiting here for five hours by 10 pm.
Habré estado esperando aquí durante cinco horas cuando sean las 10 de la noche.

By the time you finish our OM Basic Course, you will have been learning American English for six months.
Para cuando finalices nuestro OM Curso Básico, habrás estado aprediendo Ingñés Americano durante seis meses.

By 2100 OM Personal will have been teaching on the Internet for a century.
Para el 2100 OM Personal habrá estado enseñando en Internet durante un siglo.


expresiones usuales del futuro perfecto continuo


By the time you ... - By 2020 ... - By 8:00 am tomorrow ...

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form
■A: He had been talking.
■N: He had not been talking.
■Q: Had he been talking?
Use
■action taking place before a certain time in the past
■sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
■puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
signal words
■for, since, the whole day, all day

Structure of past perfect continuous

I'd (I had) been working hard. affirmative form
I hadn't (had not) been working hard. negative form
Had you been working hard? interrogative form

PAST PERFECT TENSE

1) Together with the Simple Past
When two past actions are combined - the first action, which was completed before the second one began, is put into Past Perfect.

Mary had read the book before she watched a film.
After Amy had gone home it started to rain.


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2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect
He had played hockey.

Present Perfect Past Perfect
The bike is new. I've bought it. The bike was new. I had bought it.

Past Perfect - Simple Past Simple Past - Simple Past
The match had started before he arrived. The match started when he arrived.


Form of the Past Perfect
We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)

had + past participle

We use the same form of the auxiliary had every time regardless the subject.

past participle:
- regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs


Affirmative sentences
regular verbs irregular verbs
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had played hockey. I/you/he/she/it/we/they had gone home.

Negative sentences
regular verbs irregular verbs I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not played hockey. I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not gone home

Questions
regular verbs irregular verbs
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played hockey? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they gone home?

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

One-syllable adjectives.
Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
tall taller tallest
old older oldest
long longer longest

Mary is taller than Max.
Mary is the tallest of all the students.
Max is older than John.
Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
My hair is longer than your hair.
Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form
large larger largest
wise wiser wisest

Mary's car is larger than Max's car.
Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
Max is wiser than his brother.
Max is the wisest person I know.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It Comparative Form Superlative Form
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog.
My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
Max is thinner than John.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
My mother is fatter than your mother.
Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.
Two-syllable adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
peaceful more peaceful most peaceful
pleasant more pleasant most pleasant
careful more careful most careful
thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
Max is more careful than Mike.
Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.
If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form
happy happier happiest
angry angrier angriest
busy busier busiest

John is happier today than he was yesterday.
John is the happiest boy in the world.
Max is angrier than Mary.
Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
Mary is busier than Max.
Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.
Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow Comparative Form Superlative Form
narrow narrower narrowest
gentle gentler gentlest

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
Adjectives with three or more syllables.
For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form Superlative Form
generous more generous most generous
important more important most important
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

John is more generous than Jack.
John is the most generous of all the people I know.
Health is more important than money.
Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
Women are more intelligent than men.
Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.
Exceptions.
Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
good better best
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
little less least
many more most

Italian food is better than American food.
My dog is the best dog in the world.
My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form
clever cleverer cleverest
clever more clever most clever
gentle gentler gentlest
gentle more gentle most gentle
friendly friendlier friendliest
friendly more friendly most friendly
quiet quieter quietest
quiet more quiet most quiet
simple simpler simplest
simple more simple most simple

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.

Superlative adjectives

Como formar adjetivos superlativos en inglés:

1. Para adjetivos con dos consonantes añade est

Tall - the tallest

2. Para adjetivos que acaban con la letra e añade st

Large - the largest

3. Para adjetivos que acaban con una vocal + un consonante añade consonante +est

Big - the biggest

4. Para adjetivos que acaban con y añade iest

Tidy - the tidiest

5. Para adjetivos con dos sílabas ó mas usa most + adjectivo

Important -the most important
Modern -the most modern
Common - the most common

6. Con algunos adjetivos con dos sílabas se puede añadir est ó most

Clever - the cleverest ó the most clever
Pleasant - the pleasantest ó the most pleasant

7. Adjetivos irregulares

Good - the best
Bad - the worst
Old - the oldest
Far - the farthest ó the furthest

4. Para adjetivos que acaban con y añade iest (tidy, empty, dry, busy, dirty, funny, early)

Happy the happiest

5. Si el ajetivo tiene dos sílabas ó mas usa the most + el adjetivo (excepciones son los adjetivos que acaban en y)

Modern the most modern

6. Hay algunos adjetivos que se puede añadir est ó the most

Clever the cleverest ó the most clever
Narrow the narrowest ó the most narrow
Simple the Simplest ó the most simple

7. Algunos adjetivos son irregulares

Good the best
Bad the worst
Far the Farthest/Furthest

Should

"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:
When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation